Empowering Technology Education: How Jireh Electronics Supports Teachers

 

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Empowering Technology Education: How Jireh Electronics Supports Teachers

Jireh Electronics is committed to assisting teachers in addressing the challenges they face when implementing the mini-Practical Assessment Task (mini-PAT) in technology education. Recognizing the importance of practical, hands-on learning in technology, the company provides support through project kits and aims to further empower educators through targeted content creation.

Addressing Resource Constraints: Providing Project Kits

The sources highlight the lack of educational resources as a significant obstacle to effective mini-PAT implementation. Teachers often struggle to obtain necessary materials, and learners sometimes come to class unprepared. This is particularly challenging in rural schools where poverty is prevalent, making it difficult for learners to afford even basic supplies.

Jireh Electronics directly tackles this challenge by supplying pre-packaged school project kits containing all the components needed for specific mini-PAT activities. This ensures that all learners have access to the same, appropriate materials, allowing them to focus on understanding the working principles and concepts being taught rather than struggling with unsuitable or missing items.

The company's origin story stemmed from a teacher's frustration with the disparity in materials learners brought to class, hindering effective learning. This firsthand understanding of the challenges teachers face informs their approach to providing project kits as a solution.

Addressing Pushback and Promoting Understanding:

While there is some pushback from teachers regarding the use of project kits, Jireh Electronics seeks to clarify the benefits and address concerns. They emphasize that the kits are designed to facilitate a deeper understanding of operating principles and real-world applications, rather than limiting creativity. Their content creation efforts would also aim to educate teachers about the pedagogical value of using these resources and how they can be integrated effectively into the curriculum.

By providing high-quality resources and promoting open dialogue, Jireh Electronics aims to foster a more supportive and collaborative environment for technology education, empowering teachers to confidently guide learners in developing the essential skills needed for the future.

Grade 7 PAT - Jaws of Life - Design a life Saving Tool.

 
https://pixabay.com/illustrations/car-accident-accident-crash-7418023/

Grade 7 PAT - Jaws of Life - Design a life Saving Tool.

Being a provider of school project kits, we get a lot of requests for help with the theoretical work required for the project. We do not directly provide help with this - however the following serves as a guideline / information repository for information from which the answers can be found.

Scenario:

An ambulance with paramedics arrived to assist the people trapped in a crumpled car. Unfortunately, despite their best efforts, the paramedics were unable to extract the victims in time to administer life-saving treatment or transport them to the hospital. Tragically, both individuals succumbed to their injuries.

Incidents like these highlight the importance of timely intervention. If the paramedics had been equipped with Jaws of Life tools, they could have cut or bent the car doors open to free the injured individuals. This would have allowed them to provide medical assistance more quickly, potentially saving lives and giving this tragic story a much happier ending.

https://pixabay.com/photos/fire-fighters-traffic-accident-8734971/

Jaws of Life rescue tools are designed to cut through the metal of a car body with ease. They can also bend or open the metal, allowing rescue workers to access trapped passengers. However, rescue workers must operate these tools with great care to avoid causing further harm to the passengers inside. To ensure safety, the tools are designed to make precise, small movements, even though the rescue workers themselves may make larger, more forceful actions.

1. What problem did the paramedics encounter at the accident scene?

The paramedics encountered the problem of being unable to extract the injured people trapped inside the crumpled car. This prevented them from providing timely medical treatment or transporting the victims to the hospital, ultimately leading to the loss of their lives

2. Who will use the rescue tools?

The rescue tools, such as the Jaws of Life, will be used by trained rescue workers, including paramedics, firefighters, and other emergency responders. These individuals are skilled in operating the tools carefully to safely extricate trapped passengers from vehicles without causing additional harm.

3. Where will the rescue tools be used?

The rescue tools will be used at accident scenes, such as car crashes or other emergencies where individuals are trapped in vehicles or similar confined spaces. They are specifically designed for use in situations where quick and safe extrication is critical to saving lives.

4. In what way will the tools help?

The rescue tools, like the Jaws of Life, will help by cutting through or bending the metal body of a car quickly and efficiently. This enables rescue workers to safely and carefully access trapped individuals without causing additional harm. By making precise, small movements, these tools ensure that the passengers inside are not injured further, allowing rescue teams to free them in time to provide medical assistance and potentially save their lives.

5. Now write the design brief. Use your answers to 

questions 1 to 4 to help you. Start your paragraph 

with:  I should design and make a …

I should design and make a rescue tool that can be used by trained emergency responders, such as paramedics and firefighters, at accident scenes to safely and efficiently extract people trapped in vehicles. The tool should be capable of cutting through or bending the metal body of a car with precision, ensuring small, controlled movements to avoid further harm to the passengers. It should be easy to operate, durable, and portable, enabling rescue workers to quickly and effectively save lives in critical situations.

6. Identify the specifications of the solution. 

 (a) What will the tools be used for? 

(a) The tools will be used for safely and efficiently extracting individuals who are trapped inside vehicles after an accident. They will be used to cut through or bend the metal body of a car, allowing rescue workers to access and remove injured passengers in a timely manner to provide medical help.

(b) What will make the tools work? 

(b) The tools will work by utilizing a hydraulic system powered by syringes and tubing. When the syringes' plungers are pushed, hydraulic pressure will be generated, causing the force to be transferred through the tubing to the linked levers. These levers will then amplify the force, allowing the jaws of the tool to cut or pry open the crumpled metal of a vehicle. The combination of hydraulic power and mechanical leverage will make the tool effective in rescuing trapped individuals.

(c) To what should your model be attached? [1]

(c) Your model should be attached to a flat piece of card that will act as a base. This base will provide stability and support for the hydraulic system, levers, and cutting or prying mechanism, ensuring the model functions properly during testing and demonstration.

My model cannot use materials that are too heavy, as this would affect its stability and make it difficult to handle or demonstrate effectively.

My model should not use materials that are too thick or rigid for the hydraulic system, as they may block the flow of fluid or reduce the effectiveness of the hydraulic force.

My model cannot use sharp or dangerous materials for the jaws that could cause injury during testing or handling.

My model should not rely on complex, expensive materials, as the design must be built using affordable and accessible materials for a working prototype.

My model cannot be too large or bulky, as it must remain portable and easy to manipulate during demonstrations.

My model should not include components that cannot be easily assembled or disassembled, as this would make adjustments or repairs more difficult.

If you purchased one of our kits, the following would be relevant:

Planning how you will make your model

1. Make a list of all the materials you plan to use to build your model. You have 

listed some of the materials under “specifications” in the previous lesson. Add 

any other materials that you will be using.

1.1. Tongue Depressor Sticks

1.2  Large and small Syringe

1.3 Copper Wire

1.4 Silicone Tubing

1.5 Cable Ties

 What will you use for pivots? 

Pieces of copper wire will be used to attach the pivot points to each other.

 What will you use to attach the model to the backing sheet?

If you would like to attach your model to a backing sheet, This can be done using some string or a larger cable tie - which is not included in our kit.

What will you use to attach the syringe to the backing sheet and the lever? 

Cable Ties

2. Make a list of the tools you will use to build your model.  

2.1 a Drill with a 3mm Drill Bit will be used to make holes in the Tongue Depressor Sticks.

2.2 Pliers will be needed to bend the tips of the copper wire closed on either end of the pivot points.

2.3 Side Cutter or Pliers to cut-off the unused portions of the cable ties.

2.4 Scissors to make jaws for the mechanism.

3. Some tools can be dangerous if they are used 

incorrectly. Write down a safety rule for one of the 

tools that you will use.

3.1 Safety Rule - Always operate the drill under adult supervision, ensure that the drill is unplugged when not in use, and not left lying around.

Our kits are available on our online store www.jirehelectronics.co.za

Connect with us on our Facebook page
Should anybody require more information feel free to contact us via the email link listed below.


Jireh Electronics.
Letitia Schlenther

081 353 2283
Online Store
Facebook page
sales@jirehelectronics.co.za

Mine shaft - PAT - Grade 8 - A mine needs a lifting system

 Mine shaft - PAT - Grade 8 - A mine needs a  lifting system - Information Resource for Theory Questions.

https://pixabay.com/photos/headframe-bill-zollern-colliery-709208/

Being a provider of school project kits, we get a lot of requests for help with the theoretical work required for the project. We do not directly provide help with this - however the following serves as a guideline / information repository for information from which the answers can be found.

 - What does the headgear of a mine do?

The headgear of a mine, also known as a headframe, serves as an essential structural component in underground mining operations. Its primary purpose is to support the equipment used to hoist materials and personnel between the surface and underground levels of the mine. Here are its main functions:

1. Support for Hoisting Systems

• The headgear provides a stable structure for hoisting ropes, which pass over large wheels or pulleys called sheave wheels mounted at the top of the headgear.
• These ropes connect to the hoisting cage, skips, or buckets used to transport ore, waste rock, and miners.

2. Safety and Efficiency

• By elevating the hoisting equipment, the headgear ensures the ropes remain properly aligned, reducing wear and tear and improving safety during lifting and lowering operations.

3. Material and Personnel Transport

• It enables efficient vertical movement of mined materials to the surface and allows miners and equipment to be transported underground.

4. Structural Stability

• The headgear provides structural integrity to the entire hoisting system, allowing for precise control of loads even under heavy use.

5. Support for Hoisting Machinery (in some designs)

• In certain setups, the headgear may also house the hoisting machinery, though this is more common in smaller operations. In larger mines, hoist machinery is often placed on the ground in a hoist house.

Types of Headgear:

• Steel Headgear: Durable and commonly used in modern mining operations.
• Concrete Headgear: More stable but less common.
• Wooden Headgear: Historically used in smaller or older mines.

https://pixabay.com/photos/architecture-coal-fuel-industrial-15505/

 - What happens in the winding house of a mine?

The winding house of a mine, also known as the hoist house, is a critical facility that houses the machinery used for operating the hoisting system of a mine. Its main function is to control the movement of the hoisting equipment, which transports materials, miners, and equipment between the surface and underground levels.

Key Activities in the Winding House:

1. Operation of the Hoist System

   • The winding house contains a winding engine or hoist, which powers the cables or ropes connected to the cage, skips, or buckets used for transportation.
   • This engine controls the speed, direction, and positioning of the hoisting equipment to ensure safe and efficient transport.

2. Control and Monitoring

   • Operators in the winding house monitor and manage the hoist's operation using controls and indicators. These include:
     • Depth indicators to track the cage’s position in the shaft.
     • Emergency stop systems for safety.
     • Communication systems to coordinate with underground and surface teams.

3. Safety Systems

   • The winding house often features advanced safety mechanisms such as:
     • Brakes: To stop the hoist in case of power failure or emergency.
     • Overwind Protection: To prevent the cage or skip from being hoisted too high.
     • Slack Rope Detectors: To avoid rope damage or accidents.

4. Power Supply and Maintenance

   • The winding engine, whether electrically powered or steam-driven in older setups, requires a reliable power source.
   • Maintenance of the winding equipment, including ropes, sheaves, and brakes, is coordinated from the winding house to ensure smooth operation.

5. Storage of Records

   • Logs and records related to hoisting operations, inspections, and maintenance schedules are typically kept in the winding house.

Types of Winding Engines:

• Drum Hoists: Use a rotating drum to wind the rope, commonly used in shallower mines.
• Friction Hoists: Use a pulley system and are suitable for deeper mines.
• Koepe Hoists: A type of friction hoist that minimizes rope wear and energy consumption.

The winding house is, therefore, an integral part of the mining operation, ensuring the mine's vertical transport systems run safely and efficiently.

- Explain what a sheave wheel is and what it does. 

A sheave wheel, also known simply as a sheave, is a vital component in many hoisting and lifting systems, including those used in mines. It is a large, grooved wheel that serves as a pulley to guide and support ropes, cables, or chains used for lifting and lowering loads.

Structure of a Sheave Wheel:

• Groove: The wheel has a circumferential groove along its edge to hold the hoisting rope securely and guide it smoothly.
• Axle: The wheel rotates around an axle, allowing the rope to move with minimal friction.
• Material: Sheave wheels are typically made of strong materials like steel or cast iron to handle heavy loads and resist wear.

---

Functions of a Sheave Wheel in Mining:

1. Guides the Hoisting Rope

   • The sheave wheel directs the hoisting rope from the winding engine to the vertical shaft. It ensures that the rope aligns properly with the cage, skip, or bucket being hoisted or lowered.

2. Changes the Direction of Force

   • By redirecting the rope's path, the sheave allows the winding engine (located horizontally or at a distance) to hoist loads vertically without direct vertical alignment.

3. Reduces Friction

   • The sheave wheel rotates smoothly, reducing friction on the rope and preventing excessive wear, which is essential for the longevity of the equipment and safety of the operation.

4. Supports Heavy Loads

   • In mining operations, sheave wheels handle the stress of lifting and lowering substantial weights, including ore, equipment, and personnel.

---

Placement in a Mining Operation:

• The sheave wheel is typically mounted at the top of the mine headgear.
• It is positioned to align with the shaft below and the winding engine, ensuring smooth and efficient hoisting operations.

---

Why It’s Important:

• Safety: Properly functioning sheave wheels prevent rope slippage or failure, critical for safe hoisting.
• Efficiency: They enable smooth and reliable transportation of materials and miners.
• Durability: The design minimizes wear on both the rope and the wheel, reducing maintenance costs and downtime.

Sheave wheels are engineering essentials in mining, ensuring vertical transport systems are both functional and reliable.

https://pixabay.com/photos/gelsenkirchen-bill-ruhr-area-544571/

- What does a head frame do?

A headframe (or headgear) is a critical structure in mining operations, primarily serving as the framework above an underground mine shaft. It facilitates the hoisting of materials, equipment, and personnel between the surface and underground levels. Its design and functionality are essential for the safe and efficient operation of the mine.

---

Functions of a Headframe:

1. Supports the Hoisting System

   • The headframe provides a stable structure for the hoisting ropes that carry the load.
   • At its top, the headframe houses sheave wheels, which redirect the ropes from the winding engine to the shaft.

2. Material and Personnel Transport

   • It enables the movement of:
     • Ore: Extracted minerals transported to the surface in skips or buckets.
     • Waste Rock: Unwanted material removed from the mine.
     • Personnel and Equipment: Hoisting cages transport miners and equipment underground.

3. Safety and Efficiency

   • The headframe ensures that hoisting systems operate smoothly and safely by maintaining proper rope alignment and stability.

4. Structural Support

   • It provides the necessary height and support to allow hoisting equipment to operate effectively, especially in deep mines.

5. Facilitates Ventilation and Communication

   • In some designs, the headframe may also support ventilation ducts and communication systems to improve underground working conditions.

---

Components of a Headframe:

• Sheave Wheels: Mounted at the top to guide the hoisting ropes.
• Hoisting Cables: Connected to the cages or skips for lifting.
• Cages or Skips: Used to transport materials and personnel.
• Steel or Concrete Framework: Provides stability and strength to withstand heavy loads and harsh environmental conditions.

---

Types of Headframes:

1. Steel Headframes:

   • Lightweight and strong.
   • Common in modern mining operations.

2. Concrete Headframes:

   • Heavier and more durable.
   • Often used in permanent or large-scale mining operations.

3. Wooden Headframes:

   • Used historically in smaller or older mines.

---

Importance of the Headframe:

The headframe is an indispensable part of the mining infrastructure, ensuring that resources, workers, and equipment can be moved safely and efficiently. It also plays a central role in integrating other mining systems, such as ventilation and safety measures.

https://pixabay.com/photos/ruhr-area-pott-coal-pot-bill-713641/

- Why do the legs on a head frame always slope towards the winch?

The legs of a headframe slope towards the winch (or winding house) for both structural stability and operational efficiency. This design is intentional and addresses key engineering, safety, and functional considerations.

---

Reasons for Sloped Legs in a Headframe:

1. Efficient Load Distribution

   • When hoisting heavy loads, significant forces are exerted on the headframe. Sloping the legs toward the winch helps direct these forces downwards and into the ground at an angle that provides greater stability, reducing the risk of structural failure.

2. Alignment with the Hoisting Ropes

   • The winch (or winding engine) is typically located near the base of the headframe. Sloping the legs ensures the hoisting ropes maintain proper alignment with the sheave wheels at the top of the headframe and the winch drum. This alignment minimizes friction and wear on the ropes, improving operational efficiency and longevity.

3. Structural Stability

   • A sloped design creates a wider base, which lowers the center of gravity of the headframe. This enhances stability, especially under dynamic loads like hoisting or in windy conditions.

4. Space Optimization

   • Sloping legs open up the area beneath the headframe, allowing for:
     • Space to maneuver large equipment or vehicles.
     • Easier access to the mine shaft and other infrastructure like ore bins or conveyors.

5. Stress Reduction on Components

   • The angled design reduces the bending and torsional stress on the headframe's legs, as the weight and tension from hoisting are transferred more efficiently into the foundation.

6. Safety Considerations

   • Properly sloped legs help ensure the structure can withstand sudden shifts in load or environmental pressures, such as seismic activity or strong winds.

---

Engineering Principle:

The design follows basic structural engineering principles, where sloped supports are more effective at handling vertical and lateral loads than vertical supports. This is particularly important for tall structures like headframes, which must handle heavy loads and dynamic forces.

---

By sloping the legs toward the winch, the headframe achieves a balance of strength, stability, and operational efficiency, ensuring safe and effective mining operations. 

https://fls.com/en/equipment/feeding-and-conveying/mineshaft

- What do you call the two parts of the lift that goes down a mine?

The two main parts of the lift that goes down a mine are called the cage and the skip.

https://prod.flsmidth.com/globalassets/images/equipment/feeding-and-conveying/mineshaft/_mine_shaft_skips_.png

- What do these two parts of the lift do? 

1. Cage:

   • The cage is a type of lift used to transport personnel and equipment between the surface and underground levels of a mine.
   • It is typically enclosed or open-sided and designed to carry miners, tools, and other items to and from the mine shaft.

2. Skip:

   • A skip is a type of hoisting container used to carry mineral ore or waste rock up and down the mine shaft.
   • Unlike the cage, which is designed for people and equipment, the skip is typically an open-topped container used for bulk material transport.

---

Additional Details:

• Both the cage and skip are hoisted and lowered using the mine's hoisting system, which includes the sheave wheel, hoist ropes, and the winding engine (winch).
• These lifts are integral to the mining process, allowing workers and materials to be moved efficiently between different levels of the mine.

https://pixabay.com/photos/architecture-iron-steel-building-414035/

- Do you think I-beams are a good thing to use for head frame supports?

- Why?

I-beams are an excellent choice for headframe supports, and here’s why:

Advantages of Using I-Beams for Headframe Supports:

1. High Strength-to-Weight Ratio

   • I-beams are designed to bear heavy loads efficiently, making them ideal for headframes, which must support the weight of hoisting equipment, ropes, and loads. Their structural design distributes forces effectively, ensuring stability without excessive weight.

2. Durability and Longevity

   • Made from steel, I-beams are resistant to bending, buckling, and external stresses, even under challenging conditions like heavy loads or vibrations from hoisting operations. This ensures a long service life.

3. Ease of Fabrication and Assembly

   • I-beams are widely available, easy to cut, weld, and bolt together, making them a practical option for constructing headframes quickly and reliably.

4. Cost-Effectiveness

   • Their efficient use of material reduces the cost compared to other structural shapes for similar load capacities. This makes them economical for large-scale mining operations.

5. Resistance to Environmental Factors

   • With proper coatings or treatments, steel I-beams can resist corrosion and weathering, even in outdoor mining environments.

6. Optimized Load Distribution

   • The flanges of the I-beam handle bending forces, while the web resists shear forces. This dual capability ensures the headframe remains stable under the combined loads of the hoisting system.

---

Why They’re a Preferred Choice:

I-beams provide a combination of strength, durability, and versatility that suits the heavy demands of headframes. Their modular nature allows for customization, and they can be reinforced or replaced as needed, making them a practical choice for modern mining structures.

Potential Considerations:

• Corrosion Protection: Steel I-beams require coatings (e.g., galvanizing or painting) to protect against rust in damp or corrosive mining environments.
• Weight: While strong, they are heavy and may require additional equipment for assembly and installation.

In conclusion, I-beams are an excellent material for headframe supports due to their structural advantages, cost-effectiveness, and adaptability.

https://pixabay.com/vectors/pithead-mine-coal-extract-fuel-40620/

- Where do you see triangulation used on this structure? 

- Explain how triangulation helps to make the head frame structure stronger. 

Triangulation is a key design feature in most headframes, and it is commonly seen in the supporting framework of the structure. This includes:

1. Legs of the Headframe
• The legs are often connected with diagonal bracing, forming triangular shapes.
2. Cross-Bracing Between the Legs
• Horizontal and diagonal members between the legs form a network of triangles.
3. Top Structure Around the Sheave Wheels
• The platform or framework holding the sheave wheels is reinforced with triangular arrangements to bear the hoisting loads.

- What has been used to stop the head frame from being pulled over by the winch? 

The Legs that slope down from the mine head frame to the winding house. This is also a form of triangulation, acting against the forces of the cable pulling on the sheave wheel, from the winch and the cage/skip.

Sloping Legs Toward the Winch

• The sloped design ensures that the forces exerted by the winch are directed downward and inward rather than horizontally. This creates a self-stabilizing structure by channelling the tension into compression forces through the legs and into the ground.

https://pixabay.com/photos/headframe-mining-industrial-plant-3113825/

- Look at the sheave wheel. Has it been placed in the middle of the upright column? Why do you think it is important to place the sheave wheel in exactly the right place on the head frame?

The sheave wheel is positioned slightly off-center from the vertical mine shaft to ensure that the cable running from the wheel to the cage and skip aligns perfectly with the center of the shaft. This alignment is crucial to prevent the cable from pulling the cage and skip toward the shaft's walls, which could create friction and hinder their smooth movement, making it difficult or even impossible to raise or lower them effectively.

https://ukuqonda.co.za/product/grade-8-technology-learner-book/

- Look at the pictures in Figure 4. The pictures show two different types of mining hoists. The first one has one sheave wheel, while the second has two sheave wheels. Use these pictures to help you answer the questions below:

- What are the differences between the two mine winches shown here? 

The winch on the right operates with two sheave wheels connected to the same drum. One sheave wheel guides the cable used to lower the mine cage and skip, while the other guides the cable that raises the counterweight. The winch on the left one has one sheave wheel to lift the cage and the skip

- What do you think a counterweight does for a mine winding system?

Hint: Imagine winding the winch by hand. 

The counterweight in a mine winding system plays a crucial role in improving efficiency, reducing energy consumption, and ensuring smooth operation. Here's what it does:

Functions of the Counterweight:

1. Balances the Load

   • The counterweight balances the weight of the hoisting cage or skip, especially when it is empty. This reduces the load on the winding engine, allowing it to operate more efficiently.

2. Reduces Energy Usage

   • By offsetting the weight of the cage and skip, the counterweight minimizes the power required to lift or lower the load. The system only needs to overcome the difference in weight, not the full weight of the load.

3. Ensures Smooth Operation

   • The counterweight helps maintain constant tension in the hoisting cable, preventing slack or sudden jerks that could damage the equipment or create safety hazards.

4. Improves System Stability

   • The counterweight's balancing effect helps reduce wear and tear on the cables, drums, and other components, extending their lifespan and improving system reliability.

5. Safety and Control

   • In case of power loss or emergencies, the counterweight aids in controlling the descent of the cage or skip, reducing the risk of free-fall.

---

How It Works:

• The counterweight is connected to the opposite end of the hoisting rope from the cage or skip.
• As the cage or skip is lifted, the counterweight moves down, and vice versa.
• The counterweight's mass is carefully calculated to optimize the system's efficiency and balance under typical load conditions.

In summary, the counterweight ensures that the winding system operates safely, efficiently, and with reduced strain on its components.

- If the mine winch drum diameter is 6 m, calculate how far the cage will drop for each single rotation of the drum. 

To calculate how far the cage will drop for each rotation of the winch drum, we need to determine the circumference of the drum, as this represents the length of cable wound or unwound during one rotation.

---

Formula for Circumference:

$$\text{Circumference} = \pi \times \text{Diameter}$$

---

Given Data:

• Diameter of the drum: $6\text{m - Thus the Radius is 3m. }$
• $\pi \approx 3.1416$

---

Calculation:

$$\text{Circumference} = 3.1416 \times 6 = 18.8496 \, \text{m}$$

---

Conclusion:

For each single rotation of the winch drum, the cage will drop 18.85 meters (rounded to 2 decimal places).

- If the mine winch drum diameter is 6 m, calculate how far the counterweight will lift for each single rotation of the drum.

The counterweight and the cage are connected by the same hoisting cable, which wraps around the winch drum. For every rotation of the drum, the length of cable moved is equal to the circumference of the drum, the same as for the cage.

---

Given Data:

• Diameter of the drum: $6\text{m - Thus the Radius is 3m.}$
• Circumference of the drum:
•   $$\text{Circumference}=\mathrm{2\; X\; \pi }X\text{Radius}=\mathrm{2\; X\; 3.1416}\times 3=18.8496\text{m}$$

---

How Far the Counterweight Will Lift:

For every single rotation of the drum, the counterweight will lift the same distance that the cage drops, which is 18.85 meters (rounded to 2 decimal places).

This is because the system is directly connected and operates simultaneously, with the cable's length distributed between the counterweight and the cage.

- Calculate how many turns of cable you will need on the drum for your cage and skip to move up and down by 500 m. 

To calculate the number of turns of cable required on the drum for the cage and skip to move 500 m, we need to divide the total distance to be covered by the length of cable moved in one rotation of the drum (the drum's circumference).

---

Given Data:

• Distance to move the cage and skip: $500 \, \text{m}$
• Circumference of the drum (distance moved per turn): $$\text{Circumference} = \pi \times \text{Diameter} = 3.1416 \times 6 = 18.8496 \, \text{m}$$

---

Formula:

$$\text{Number of Turns} = \frac{\text{Total Distance}}{\text{Circumference per Turn}}$$

---

Calculation:

$$\text{Number of Turns} = \frac{500}{18.8496} \approx 26.53 \, \text{turns}$$

Number of Turns = 26.53 turns

---

Conclusion:

You will need approximately 27 turns of cable on the drum for the cage and skip to move up and down by 500 meters.

- Which of the two systems in Figure 4 do you think will need the largest motor? Explain your answer. 

To determine which system in Figure 4 would require the largest motor, we need to consider the load and energy demands of the two systems. 

---

Key Factors to Consider:

1. Direct Load on the Motor:

   • A system without a counterweight will require the motor to lift the entire weight of the cage, skip, and its load.
   • A system with a counterweight only needs the motor to overcome the difference in weight between the loaded cage and the counterweight.

2. Energy Efficiency:

   • Counterweights balance the system, significantly reducing the energy needed for lifting. Without a counterweight, the motor must exert more power for both lifting and braking during descent.

3. Friction and Rope Tension:

   • A system without a counterweight may experience greater tension and friction, further increasing the motor's workload.

---

Which System Requires the Larger Motor?

• The system without a counterweight will need the largest motor because:
  1. It must handle the full weight of the load.
  2. It requires more power to start, lift, and brake the load.
  3. It has to overcome greater forces during operation.

---

Conclusion:

The motor size is directly related to the load it must lift and control. The system without a counterweight demands a larger motor due to the absence of weight-balancing mechanisms, leading to higher energy requirements and stress on the motor. Thus the system on the left in figure 4, without the counterweight, will need a larger motor.

- Which system will be safer? Explain your answer. 

The system with a counterweight will generally be safer. Here’s why:

---

Reasons the Counterweighted System Is Safer:

1. Balanced Load

   • The counterweight balances the load of the cage or skip, reducing the strain on the hoisting rope and other components. This decreases the likelihood of mechanical failures, such as snapping ropes or overloading the motor.

2. Controlled Movements

   • A counterweight provides smoother and more controlled movements during hoisting and lowering operations. Without it, the motor must handle sudden load changes, which can cause jerks and instability in the system.

3. Reduced Risk of Free-Fall

   • If a power failure or mechanical issue occurs, the counterweight helps to prevent a sudden free-fall of the cage or skip. This makes the system inherently safer for transporting personnel and materials.

4. Emergency Braking

   • Counterweighted systems are easier to integrate with braking mechanisms, as the balanced forces allow emergency brakes to engage effectively without overwhelming stress on the structure.

5. Lower Risk of Rope Wear and Failure

   • Counterweights reduce tension in the hoisting ropes, leading to less wear and tear. This minimizes the risk of rope-related accidents over time.

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Why the Non-Counterweighted System Is Less Safe:

• It relies solely on the motor and braking systems to handle the full weight of the cage or skip, increasing the potential for accidents due to equipment failure.
• The lack of balance means greater strain on components, increasing the likelihood of breakdowns or malfunctions.

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Conclusion:

The counterweighted system is safer because it offers better load balancing, reduces mechanical stress, and ensures smoother, more controlled operation, making it more reliable for both personnel and material transport.

- What is the opportunity you are tendering for?

The mining company has invited various Engineering companies to tender for a headgear system to help them to collect samples of platinum from the new mine shaft. They want to sink a shaft to 500m to decide on the best mining methods.

- What do you need to do to tender for this project?

The Engineering company needs to highlight the design specifications to ensure that they cover all the needs of the client. Also the costs need to be calculated and shown to see if they can comply with the design brief and all the needs.

- Write the design brief. Start your paragraph with: We are going to design and make …

We are going to design and make a shaft headgear system for a mining project to access platinum ore 500 meters below the surface. The system must be capable of transporting miners and equipment underground, as well as lifting platinum ore weighing 10 tons back to the surface. The headgear will include a hoisting mechanism with a winch, sheave wheel, and cable system to efficiently move the cage and skip. It will also incorporate a counterweight to balance the load and reduce the strain on the motor. The structure of the headgear will be constructed using strong materials such as steel I-beams to ensure stability and durability. Safety features, including emergency brakes and overload protection, will be incorporated to ensure the safe transport of personnel and materials. The project will be designed to meet the specific needs of the mining operation and adhere to safety and regulatory standards.

- Write a list of specifications and constraints 

- Think about people: Write down at least two things that the mine winch system must do for people. How should it help the mineworkers? What should it do, or not do, for the local people who live near the mine?

Considerations for People:

1. For Mineworkers:

   • Safety and Comfort: The winch system should safely transport miners underground, providing comfortable and secure transport in the cage, especially during emergencies or routine shifts.
   • Efficiency: The system should allow for the quick and efficient transport of equipment and workers to and from the underground levels to ensure the productivity of the mine.

2. For Local People:

   • Employment Opportunities: Members of the local community should be employed in the project, providing jobs during construction and operation. This can contribute to the local economy and foster positive relationships with the mining company.
   • Noise Reduction: The winch and headgear system should be designed to minimize noise pollution, as excessive noise can disturb local communities living near the mine.
   • Environmental Safety: The system should not produce harmful emissions or waste that could affect the surrounding environment, including the local water supply, air quality, and land use. Additionally, measures should be taken to avoid accidents that could harm local residents.

By incorporating these considerations, the project can benefit both the mineworkers and the local community, ensuring safety, employment, and environmental responsibility.

- Think about purpose: What is the headgear for? What must it do? How fast must the cage and skip travel? How far? How much weight does it need to carry? Write down at least two things about the purpose of this mine-winch system

Purpose of the Mine-Winch System

1. Transport Personnel and Equipment:

   • The headgear and winch system must be capable of transporting miners and equipment efficiently to a depth of 500 meters underground. This system will be essential for the daily movement of workers between the surface and the underground levels of the mine.

2. Lift Platinum Ore:

   • The system must also be designed to lift up to 10 tons of platinum ore from the 500-meter depth to the surface. The hoisting system must be strong and reliable to handle the weight of the ore and ensure safe and efficient transport back to the surface.

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Key Features of the Mine-Winch System:

• Speed: The cage and skip should travel at a reasonable speed to ensure timely transport, but not too fast to compromise safety. Typical speeds for mining hoists can range between 10 to 15 meters per second, depending on the system design.

• Weight Capacity: The hoisting system needs to carry at least 10 tons of platinum ore at a time, in addition to transporting miners and equipment, so the winch, sheave wheel, and motor must be able to handle significant loads.

These two purposes — moving people and lifting heavy ore — are central to the function of the headgear and winch system and will dictate its design and specifications.

- Think about safety: What will happen if something goes wrong? What must your system have to try to prevent things from going wrong? What things must your system have to deal with emergencies when something does go wrong? Write down at least two things that will help to ensure that your design is safe.

Safety Considerations for the Mine-Winch System

1. Emergency Braking System:

   • The winch system must include emergency brakes that can quickly stop the cage or skip in case of power failure or mechanical malfunction. These brakes would act as a fail-safe to prevent the load from falling or the cage from rising uncontrollably, reducing the risk of injury to workers and damage to the equipment.

2. Overload Protection and Safety Mechanisms:

   • The system should have overload sensors that automatically shut down the hoisting system if it detects a weight beyond the designed capacity, such as when the cage or skip is overloaded with too much ore or equipment. Additionally, the system should have fail-safe mechanisms, including a backup power source, to ensure that the system can continue operating or be safely shut down in case of a malfunction.

3. Emergency Escape and Ladder:

   • In case of an emergency, the shaft should be equipped with emergency escape routes and a ladder system. This will allow workers to safely exit the shaft in case of an incident or evacuation. The ladder must be sturdy and accessible at all times, and escape routes should be clearly marked and well-maintained.

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Other Safety Features:

• Rope and Cable Inspection System: Ensure that cables are regularly inspected for wear and tear and can be automatically monitored for any defects, preventing potential failures.
• Regular Maintenance Schedule: Establish a routine maintenance program to ensure all components, such as the winch, sheave wheels, braking system, and escape routes, are functioning properly.

These safety measures, including emergency escape provisions, will help prevent accidents, protect mineworkers, and ensure the integrity of the system during both normal operations and in emergency situations.

- Think about the environment: Write down at least two things to help the environment when you design and make this headgear system.

Environmental Considerations for the Headgear System with Community Involvement

1. Minimize Energy Consumption:

   • The winch and hoisting system should be designed for energy efficiency, using high-performance motors and a counterweight system to reduce power consumption. This will help minimize the environmental impact of the mining operation by lowering energy use and reducing the overall carbon footprint. Additionally, local community members could be involved in monitoring energy use, contributing to a more sustainable operation.

2. Reduce Noise Pollution:

   • The design of the headgear and winch system should focus on minimizing noise produced during operation. Using soundproof enclosures for the winch, incorporating vibration-dampening materials, and performing regular maintenance to prevent excessive noise will help avoid disturbing local wildlife and the surrounding community. Involving local residents in noise monitoring programs can foster a sense of ownership and awareness about the environmental impact.

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Other Environmental Considerations:

• Waste Management and Recycling: Implement an efficient waste disposal and recycling system to manage materials generated during construction and operation. The local community can be engaged in recycling efforts and be educated on the importance of reducing waste, promoting environmental awareness.

• Environmental Monitoring: Establish systems for monitoring the local environment, including air and water quality. Involve the community in these efforts, such as through educational programs or local environmental committees, ensuring that the mine operates within environmental regulations and contributes to the well-being of the surrounding area.

By incorporating community involvement in environmental management, the design of the headgear system can not only reduce the environmental impact but also help foster positive relationships with local residents, promoting sustainability and shared responsibility.

-Think about appearance: Do you think appearance matters when you design something such as headgear? Can your head frame’s appearance help you to win the tender? Write down at least two things about the way you want your headgear to look. 

Appearance Considerations for the Headgear

1. Professional and Clean Design:

   • While the primary function of the headgear is to ensure safety and efficiency, its appearance should reflect professionalism and high-quality engineering. A clean, well-structured design will demonstrate the technical expertise and reliability of your engineering company. A visually appealing and organized headgear could leave a positive impression on the client, showing that the project will be completed with attention to detail and high standards.

2. Incorporate Local and Cultural Elements:

   • Since the project is in a rural area, involving a local community, the design of the headgear could incorporate cultural or aesthetic elements that reflect the community's heritage. This could include customized color schemes, patterns, or symbols that resonate with the local culture, showing respect for the community and creating a sense of shared ownership in the project. This approach may also help in building good relations with local residents and stakeholders.

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Other Considerations for Appearance:

• Minimalistic yet Functional: The appearance should balance aesthetic appeal with functionality, ensuring that the headgear looks robust yet unobtrusive, integrating well with the natural landscape.
• Safety Signage and Visibility: Design the headgear in a way that includes clear safety signage or markings, making it both functional and easy to navigate, contributing to a safe working environment.

The way the headgear looks can have an impact on the perception of the project, potentially contributing to winning the tender by demonstrating professionalism and community engagement.

-Think about costs: What can you say about your costs for this project? Do you want the most expensive and the best of everything, or the cheapest and simplest, or something in-between?

Cost Considerations for the Headgear Project

For this project, the goal is to balance quality, safety, and cost-effectiveness. While we want to ensure that the system is reliable and capable of performing its tasks efficiently, we also understand the importance of staying within budget.

1. Quality and Durability:

   • We will not choose the cheapest materials or components because safety and reliability are paramount. However, we will avoid opting for the most expensive or highly specialized equipment unless absolutely necessary. For example, we will use high-strength steel for the headgear structure to ensure durability and safety, but we will avoid luxury or over-engineered features that add unnecessary costs.

2. Cost-Effectiveness:

   • Our approach will be to use cost-effective solutions without compromising on safety or long-term reliability. This means selecting efficient, durable equipment and materials that offer good value for money. We will focus on achieving the best performance at the lowest possible cost, ensuring that the project stays within budget while delivering a high-quality, safe, and functional system.

3. Long-Term Savings:

   • We will also consider the long-term costs of maintenance and operation. By investing in durable materials and efficient systems, we can reduce ongoing maintenance costs and extend the lifespan of the equipment, ultimately saving money over the life of the project.

In summary, the ideal approach is something in-between — ensuring that the system is robust, reliable, and efficient, while also managing costs and ensuring the project remains affordable.

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Jireh Electronics.
Letitia Schlenther

081 353 2283
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sales@jirehelectronics.co.za